Magellan Spring 2010 Map Upgrade V398
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This roasted miso glazed eggplant recipe is one of my favorite ways to cook eggplant. Miso Glazed Eggplant comes out rich and savory with umami flavors and it's also vegan and vegetarian! Subscribe for healthy recipes, tips and more: Recipe: - 1 Eggplant (1/2 inch slices) - 2 tbsp of Miso Paste - 2 tbsp of Rice Vinegar (I've even used apple cider, or sake combined with mirin. The idea is to add an acidic flavor) - 1 tbsp of Sugar (Or sugar substitute: maple syrup, honey, mirin) - 1 tsp of Soy Sauce - Chopped Green Onions for garnish Instructions: 1. Set oven to 425 degrees. Lay eggplant flat on a lined baking sheet.
If your eggplant has lots of seeds, you can remove potential bitterness, by sprinkling coarse salt over the eggplant, and after 5 - 10 minutes, wipe the salt and moisture that rises to the top with a paper towel. This is optional, and I often skip this step. Brush both sides of eggplant with olive oil or another oil you prefer. Place in the oven for 15 - 20 minutes, and take out when it starts to brown. Flip the eggplant. While eggplant is cooking, in a bowl add Miso Paste, rice vinegar, sugar and soy sauce, and whisk till smooth.
Lighty spread miso sauce on eggplant and place back in oven set on broil for 3-5 minutes. Keep a careful eye on it to make sure it doesn't burn. That can be the difference of a couple minutes under a broil.
Remove and serve with chopped green onion. Connect with me: Bachelor on a Budget is cooking show to teach people how to make healthy and delicious meals affordably. Of the 75+ videos, there are a variety of themes including Vegetarian dishes, Exotic recipes with Everyday Ingredients, Healthy Snack and Breakfast Recipes, infotainment videos such “What the Heck is MSG and Umami?!” and “10 Staple Ingredients to Enhance the Flavour of Your Recipes” We release a new video every Tuesday on YouTube, with additional subsidiary content for Instagram, Snapchat, Facebook and Reddit. The self funded and produced show started two years ago, and has grown to 10,000 Subscribers, and 700,000 Views. Globe Eggplant, Chinese Eggplant, Japanese Eggplant, Thai Eggplant? What's the difference, and when do you use all these varieties? Master Chef Martin Yan explains that Asian eggplants tend to be sweeter, less bitter and more tender than Western Globe Eggplant.
People are going crazy over Martin Yan’s Eggplant Recipes. Try for yourself with Chef Yan's recipes! Miso-Grilled Eggplant: Steamed Asian Eggplant: below and at Ingredients 2 Chinese or Japanese eggplants Sauce 1 teaspoon cooking oil 1 teaspoon minced garlic 1 teaspoon minced ginger 1 tablespoon reduced-sodium soy sauce 1 tablespoon hoisin sauce 2 teaspoons rice vinegar 1 teaspoon chili paste (optional) 1 teaspoon sesame oil Finely chopped green onions or cilantro Toasted white sesame seeds Directions Halve eggplants lengthwise and place in a steamer. Steam until flesh feels soft and saturated with moisture, about 20 minutes. Remove from steamer and let cool. When eggplants are cool enough to handle, scoop out flesh in long segments.
To prepare sauce: Heat oil in a small saucepan over medium heat until hot. Add garlic and ginger; cook, stirring, until fragrant. Add soy sauce, hoisin sauce, vinegar and chili paste; stir until sauce comes to a boil. Remove from heat; stir in sesame oil. Transfer eggplants to a serving plate; sprinkle with green onions and sesame seeds. Serve with sauce. Copyright Yan Can Cook, Inc.
Eggplant can seem intimidating to cook, but I've partnered with Kikkoman to show you how simple it can be! Here I sear the eggplant and braise with Kikkoman Teriyaki Marinade and Sauce - a one stop shop for all the flavor you need! With a flat top grilling approach we're able to capture those great outdoor grilling flavors indoors.
Our eggplant is paired with an extra fluffy, bright tasting rice. #sponsored Full Recipe Below Equipment 4-6 qt saucier pot with a tight fitting lid. 12”-14” cast iron skillet with a lid. Fish spatula. Ingredients 1TBS cold butter. 1/2C sushi rice. Kikkoman rice vinegar.
1 medium sized eggplant, or 2 baby eggplant. Grape seed or vegetable oil (cooking oil). 1 red onion, sliced into 1/4” half moon slices. Kikkoman Teriyaki Marinade and Sauce. For the rice egg mixture: 1 egg, 1 heap tbs toasted sesame seeds, 2tbs Kikkoman Marinade and Sauce, 1tbs sugar. 5-8 mint leaves. Method Start by greasing the 4-6qt saucier pot with cold butter, then add the sushi rice, 1C of cool water and 4tbs Kikkoman rice vinegar.
Set the pot over high heat with the top off and bring up to a boil. Once the water is boiling, reduce the heat to low, cover the pot and set a timer for 20 minutes. Slice the eggplant(s) in half the long way, then lay them skin side down and create a 1/2” cross-hash pattern in the flesh, being careful not to piece through the bottom of the eggplant. Heat the cast iron skillet over medium high heat, add 3-4tbs of cooking oil then place the eggplant flesh side down in the pan, cook for 3-5 min or until deep golden brown. Flip the eggplant over exposing the well-browned cross hatch pattern in the flesh. Pour Kikkoman Teriyaki Marinade and Sauce into the crevices of each piece, about 3TBS per eggplant. Be mindful in trying to fill the eggplant with sauce rather than the pan.
Pour 1/4C of water into the pan (not the eggplant) cover the skillet with a lid and allow the eggplant to steam for 2-4min on medium heat. After the rice has cooked for 20 min, remove the top and turn off the heat.
Add the mixture for the rice,; rice vinegar, egg, sugar, and sesame seeds in a small bowl add to the rice and mix well. The residual heat of the rice will be enough to cook the eggs. Remove the top to the skillet, using the fish spatula, remove the eggplants and set aside.
Add the onions to the pan and sauce them over high heat for 1-2 minute. Spread the rice evenly over a flat plate, add the eggplant skin side down, add the onions all over that, garnish with torn mint leaves and more toasted sesame seeds. Check out more from Kikkoman USA! Www.KikkomanUSA.com www.KikkomanUSA.com/Homecooks Facebook: Twitter: Pinterest: Instagram: www.instagram.com/kikkomanusa (@KikkomanUSA).
Japanese spinach salad (Spinach Gomaae) is a delicious and refreshing side dish prepared with blanched spinach dressed in savory nutty sesame sauce. ★ FOLLOW JUST ONE COOKBOOK ★ 📺 Please SUBSCRIBE:: 🌎 My Blog:: 📖 My Facebook:: 🐤 My Twitter:: 📷 My Instagram:: PRINT RECIPE ▼ Serves: 4 Ingredients: 1 bunch (1/2 lb, 220 g) spinach A pinch of salt Sesame Sauce 3 Tbsp. Roasted white sesame seeds 1½ Tbsp. Soy sauce 1 Tbsp. Mirin Instructions with step-by-step pics▼ ★ INGREDIENTS & COOKING EQUIPMENT ★ CUTTING BOARD:: KNIFE (similar):: MORTAR & PESTLE:: GLASS BOWL SET:: SPATULA:: PORTABLE GAS BURNER::4 QT SOUP POT:: TONGS:: ★ MUSIC ★ Music courtesy of Audio Network ♫ 'Two-Part Inventions 6':: ★ VIDEO EQUIPMENT ★ CAMERAS:: LENS:: & VIDEO MIC:: TRIPODS:: LIGHTS:: SOFTWARE:: Adobe Premiere. ♥FOLLOW ME HERE♥ Nasu no Dengaku is grilled Japanese eggplant with sweet miso sauce. You can serve this as an appetizer.
It goes great with rice, too. Perfect dish for bento box!
- Nasu no Dengaku Difficulty: Easy Time: 25 min Number of servings: 4 Ingredients: 2-3 (350g=12.5oz.) eggplants A. 2 tbsp. Miso. 2 tbsp. Mirin (sweet Sake).
2 tbsp. Dashi broth (add a pinch of Dashi powder in water).
1 tsp. Sesame oil cooking oil toasted white sesame seeds Directions: 1. Place A in a saucepan and simmer on low for 10 minutes (stirring constantly) until thick, shiny, and smooth. Stop the heat and mix in sesame oil to taste. Remove the stems from the eggplants. Partially strip the skin with a peeler (it makes it look good & improves the texture). Slice the eggplants into 1-inch rounds.
Make diagonal incisions at the top (on one side) and soak them in water to remove the bitter taste. Then dry with paper towels. Heat cooking oil in a frying pan. Place the eggplants (incision sides down), cover, and cook on low for 7 minutes. Then flip them over and cook for 3 more minutes until tender.
Top the eggplants with the miso sauce. Bake in the oven or toaster oven until the tops are dark brown.
Sprinkle with toasted sesame seeds to finish. I used Chef's Torch to sear:) ↓レシピ（日本語） - Music by Josh Woodward Oh Mallory (Instrumental) FYI (products I used in my videos): ♥Original T-SHIRTS♥ ♥Visit my Blog for more Recipes♥ ♥My Recipe Posts in Japanese♥ ♥and of course SUBSCRIBE♥ http://www.youtube.com/ochikeron. This spicy Mabo Nasu using delicious seasonal eggplants goes great with steamed rice. The eggplant is so tender and it dissolves in your mouth! Cooking More With Less was created as a means to inspire those to cook regardless of your kitchen size, or limited budget.
Designed for Vegans,Vegatarians and Pescatarians. Or, for those interested in giving up soy altogether. I strive to create unique, wholesome foods minus all the dairy, and other crap. Amazing food can be made with no meat, turkey, tofu, beef, pork, chicken or dairy. Celina Cordoba El holds a B.F.A.
Degree in Theater from Syracuse University and has so much more than acting to share. Certified Body Talk Specialist, Certified Yoga Instructor and Transitional healer.
Body Talk certified. Www.cookingmorewithless.com and share your journey. Instagram @celinacordobael. GrilledGrilled Eggplant with Sesame Dressing - Fundamentals of Japanese Cuisine Worldwide Culinary Apprentice with chef Hiroko Shimbo - Recipe ingredients below Hiroko Shimbo will teach you how to make a delicious Grilled Eggplant Salad with a sesame dressing - Thank you for watching! Find chef Hiroko website link bellow. Share - Like - Comment - Subscribe!!!
More amazing videos in our YouTube channel. Facebook: Hiroko Shimbo Tweet: HirokoShimbo Pinterest: Hiroko Shimbo Instagram: HIROKOSHIMBO Website: www.hirokoskitchen.com blog: www.hirokoskitchen.com/blog authored books: The Japanese Kitchen (IACP Finalist) The Sushi Experience (James Beard Foundation Award Finalist) Hiroko's American Kitchen (IACP Winner) Recipe ingredients 1 large eggplant Sesame Sauce For the sesame sauce mix the following ingredients in the given ratios.
Tahini: 4 tbsp Dashi: ½ tbsp. Shoyu: 1 tsbp Brown sugar: 1 tbsp Sea salt to taste Rice vinegar:1 tbsp Eggplant Marinade Dashi: 8 tbsp Mirin: 1tbsp Usukuchi: 1 tbsp Koikuchi: 1 tbsp. Get the full recipe here: For more Down to Earth Recipes: For all locations: In this recipe caramelization is key to making this eggplant dish shine.
Even those who don't care for eggplant will love this dish! Facebook: Twitter: Instagram: Google+: Pinterest: Email: socialmedia@downtoearth.org.
♥My COOKBOOK available WORLDWIDE レシピ本もよろしくね♥ Amazon Japan may be Cheaper ($10 plus shipping fee). How to Order My Cookbook from Amazon Japan: Juicy eggplants go perfect with white rice! You just can't stop eating it;) Perfect dish for Bento lunch box, too!!! - Juicy 'N' Delicious Ginger Miso Eggplant Rice Bowl Difficulty: Easy Time: 30min Number of servings: 4 Ingredients: 1lb eggplants 200g (7oz.) ground pork.chicken tastes good as well A.
2 tbsp. Miso. 2 tbsp. Mirin (sweet Sake). 1 tbsp.
Sugar. 1 tbsp. Soy sauce.
1 tbsp. Grated ginger 1 tbsp. Cooking oil 1 tbsp. Sesame oil cooked rice chopped green onion if you like toasted white sesame seeds if you like Directions: 1. Chop eggplants into chunks and soak in water to remove the bitter taste.
Heat cooking oil in a frying pan and stir-fry the eggplant until coated with oil. Add ground pork then cook until no longer pink. Then add A and simmer until the liquid is almost gone and tender.
Mix in sesame oil to finish. Serve on a hot bed of rice, then top with chopped green onion and toasted white sesame seeds if you like. レシピ（日本語） - Music by YouTube Audio Library Snack Time ♥Utensils I use in my videos♥ ♥FOLLOW ME HERE♥ ♥Original T-SHIRTS♥ ♥Visit my Blog to know more about ME♥ ♥My Recipe Posts in Japanese♥ ♥and of course PLEASE SUBSCRIBE♥ http://www.youtube.com/user/ochikeron?subconfirmation=1. Hi, Cooking Lovers all over the world! Thank you for watching YUCa's Japanese Cooking channel!! Don't forget to check the description page down below♡↓ ■Menu Eggplant Stake with Miso Sauce ■Ingredients (2 servings): 1 Eggplant 1 Tbsp (15ml) Sesame oil Miso sauce: 3 Tbsp (45ml) Miso.Dark-brown 2 Tbsp (30ml) Sugar 1 Tbsp (15ml) Sake 1 Tbsp (15ml) Soy sauce 1 Tbsp (15ml) Dashi soup stock For toppings: 3 leaves Shiso.Japanese basil Ginger paste, to your taste White sesame, as needed.Roasted seeds ■Directions: For more detail, please check YUCa's Japanese Cooking website!
■Japanese cooking tools in this video: - Miso muddler - Take-zaru (Bamboo strainer) - O-bon (Wooden tray) - Mana-ita (Cypress cutting board) Would you like to know more about Japanese kitchenwares? Check this out♡ ■ To know more about YJC HP: Facebook: Instagram: Email: info@yjc.tokyo ■ To know more about YUCa HP: Instagram: Email: yuca@yjc.tokyo. This versatile menu item, ratatouille salad with Japanese eggplant, can be served hot or cold. Ingredients: 1 (1-lb.) eggplant 1/4 cup balsamic vinegar 2 teaspoons minced garlic 1/2 teaspoon salt 3 cups diced tomato 1/2 cup chopped green bell pepper 2 tablespoons chopped fresh basil 1. Peel and slice eggplant into 1/2-inch slices. Pour vinegar into large bowl.
Dip each eggplant slice into vinegar, coating both sides. Reserve remaining vinegar; set aside. Place eggplant slices on gas grill over medium heat or on charcoal grill 4 to 6 inches from medium coals. Cook, turning once, 8 to 10 minutes. Remove from grill; cool. Cube each slice.
Add garlic and salt to reserved vinegar. Add eggplant, tomatoes, bell pepper and basil, mixing lightly to blend. Chill several hours or overnight. Serve over polenta or lettuce with freshly grated Parmesan cheese, if desired.
Makes 6 servings USED WITH PERMISSION FROM EAT OUT! THE OUTDOOR ENTERTAINING COOKBOOK, COOKING CLUB OF AMERICA Hi, I'm Jamie Miller and today I'm making a delicious ratatouille salad featuring Japanese eggplant.
Traditionally, ratatouille is a simmered vegetable dish but in this creative salad were using grilled eggplant which is going to add a delicious smoky flavor. Now, the Japanese eggplants are great for grilling because the skin doesn't even require peeling. All we need to do is slice them in half lengthwise. Just trim up the ends. Cut them right down the middle and they're ready to grill. I'm going to go ahead and brush the cut sides of the eggplant with a little balsamic vinegar before grilling. It can add lots of flavor.
Now to ensure that my eggplant doesn't stick to the grill, it's also a good idea to brush in with a little olive oil. I'm gonna cook those for about 4 minutes or until nice grill marks form.
And then flip them for another four minutes until they're nice and tender. So I've got balsamic vinegar left in my bowl from brushing and I'm gonna leave it in there. Into that I'm gonna add a whole bunch of fresh chopped up tomatoes, a little bit of green pepper. You can also substitute any colored bell pepper, if you prefer. I've got some nice fresh garlic, chopped up. And then a little bit of salt.
And then I'm just gonna stir that together and let it blend while our eggplant is grilling. Alright, looking good.
Now I'm gonna go ahead and check on those eggplants. Give them a flip.
Oh, beautiful grill marks. And then we're just gonna finish that up for probably about four minutes. You wanna check on them frequently to make sure they're nice and tender before you pull them off. Alright my eggplant as off the grill and nice and tender. I'm just gonna to slice them up into bite-sized pieces and toss it right in with the rest of our vegetables which have been marinating for a little while.
I'm gonna finish that of with and nice big handful of fresh basil. Stir that all together. Check it for salt and pepper and it's good to go. You can serve this delicious ratatouille salad while the eggplant is still warm.
Maybe on a bed of greens with a little freshly grated Parmesan. Or refrigerate it overnight and let those flavors really meld together. Japanese eggplant are perfect for growing in containers near the kitchen.
Plant in a container filled with good quality potting soil in place it where it gets good sun. The plants grow to about two or three feet and are very productive. Once the weather gets hot you'll be picking an eggplant nearly every day.
To plant remove the label and gently tear away the bottom of the pot. Peel back the rim of the pot so it's not sticking above the soil and plant it.
Water your eggplant regularly because the fruits need water to grow fast and tender. They'll bear until the weather gets cool in the fall. Learn more about growing eggplant at http://bonnieplants.com/growing/growing-eggplant/. Gaji namul is a sidedish made with eggplants. It's a very traditional Korean vegetarian dish. Hope you like it! Full recipe: Ingredients: 3 medium sized Asian eggplant, 2½ tbs soy sauce, 1 chopped green onion, 2 cloves of garlic, ½ tbs of roasted sesame seeds, ½ tbs of sesame oil, 1 ts of hot pepper flakes 1.
Cut 3 medium sized Asian eggplants into 2 or 3 pieces. Then cut each piece in half lengthwise 2. Pour 2 cups of water into a steamer, and place the pieces of eggplant inside. Bring to a boil for 15 minutes over high heat. Turn the heat off and move the cooked eggplant to a bowl. Set it aside to cool down.
After the eggplant has cooled, drain the liquid from the bottom of the bowl. Tear each piece of eggplant lengthwise with your fingers, and put the strips into a large bowl.
Add these seasonings to the bowl: 2 cloves of minced garlic, 1 ts of hot pepper flakes, 1 chopped green onion, ½ tbs sesame seeds, 2½ tbs soy sauce, and ½ tbs sesame oil. Mix it all together with your hand.
Serve with rice as a side dish. Please Subscibe soon! Japanese recipe： The report in my blog：●Ingredients(for 2～3people) 5 of eggplants 1 tbsp of Doubanjiang 1/4 white leeks some garlic and ginger 1 tbsp of Shaoxing wine 1 tsp of sugar 1 tbsp of soy sauce 150ml of chicken stock some dissolved starch 1 tbsp of sesame oil 1 tbsp of vinegar some Sichuan pepper powder 2 of spring onion ●Meat miso 120g of ground pork 1 tbsp of Shaoxing wine 1 tbsp of soy sauce 2 tsp Sweet Soybean Paste(Tianmenjiang) ★Please follow me! Twitter: Blog: BGM：☆(Star): Composition/performance ：igrek-U http://www.youtube.com/user/igrek2U?feature. Anyone can put out cheese and crackers, so be original with these delicious crispy rice squares with edamame hummus and Japanese eggplant slathered with Kikkoman Teriyaki Takumi Sauce.
Presented by Kikkoman. More here: Recipe Below: Vegetarian Crispy Rice Makes 12 squares Ingredients: 2 ½ cups cooked sushi rice 2 Tbsp cooking oil 2 Japanese eggplants 2 Tbsp olive oil Salt and pepper, to taste Kikkoman Teriyaki Takumi (Original) Edamame Hummus: 1 cup shelled edamame, blanched 2 Tbsp tahini 2 cloves garlic, minced 2 ½ Tbsp lemon juice ¼ cup olive oil 1 tsp water, if needed Garnish: Scallion, (green part only) shredded, in ice water Sesame seeds Red ginger pickles Steps: 1. Tightly pack rice in a square dish ½-inch thick and chill. Flip onto a cutting board. Cut into squares 2x2 inches in size. Heat a nonstick pan on medium-high heat and fry until golden on all sides.
Magellan Spring 2010 Map Upgrade V398 Download
Blend edamame hummus ingredients until smooth. Brush eggplant with oil, season with salt and pepper, then broil for 4 minutes.
Brush Takumi on top of eggplant. Broil eggplant another 4 minutes until softened. Brush with more glaze and broil again for 2 more minutes. If needed, brush and broil again until golden.
Spread 2 tsp of edamame hummus on the crispy rice and top with a piece of eggplant. Top with scallions, sesame seeds, and red ginger pickles.
Subscribe to Tastemade: FIND us on Snapchat Discover: LIKE us on Facebook: FOLLOW us on Instagram: More daily programming Watch us behind the scenes at Snapchat: @tastemade. Image of showing a companion (bottom left), which is either a brown dwarf or a massive planet. The data was obtained on 16 March 2003 with on the, using a 1.4 arcsec occulting mask on top of AB Pictoris. An extrasolar planet, or exoplanet, is a outside the. A total of 770 such planets (in 616 and 102 ) have been identified as of May 30, 2012.
Estimates of the frequency of systems strongly suggest that more than 50% of stars harbor at least one planet. In a 2012 study, each star of the 100 billion or so in our galaxy is estimated to host 'on average. At least 1.6 planets.' Accordingly, at least 160 billion star-bound planets may exist in the Milky Way Galaxy alone.
In the Milky Way may number in the trillions with 100,000 objects larger than for every main-sequence star. For centuries, many philosophers and scientists supposed that extrasolar planets existed, but there was no way of knowing how common they were or how similar they might be to the planets of the. Various detection claims made starting in the nineteenth century were all eventually rejected by astronomers. The first confirmed detection came in 1992, with the discovery of several terrestrial-mass planets orbiting the. The first confirmed detection of an exoplanet orbiting a star was made in 1995, when a giant planet was found in a four-day orbit around the nearby star. Due to improved observational techniques, the rate of detections has increased rapidly since then.
Some exoplanets have been directly imaged by telescopes, but the vast majority have been detected through indirect methods such as measurements. Most known exoplanets are believed to resemble. That reflects a, since massive planets are much easier to observe. Some relatively lightweight exoplanets, only a few times more massive than (now known by the term ), are known as well; statistical studies now indicate that they actually outnumber giant planets while recent discoveries have included Earth-sized and smaller planets and a handful that appear to exhibit other properties. There also exist planetary-mass objects that orbit, and there exist not bound to any star, however the term 'planet' isn't always applied to these objects.
The discovery of extrasolar planets, particularly those that orbit in the where it is possible for liquid water to exist on the surface (and therefore also ), have intensified interest in the search for. Thus, the search for extrasolar planets also includes the study of, which considers a wide range of factors in determining an extrasolar planet's suitability for hosting life. Contents. “ This space we declare to be infinite. In it are an infinity of worlds of the same kind as our own. ” —Giordano Bruno In the sixteenth century the Italian philosopher, an early supporter of the theory that the Earth and other planets orbit the Sun, put forward the view that the fixed stars are similar to the Sun and are likewise accompanied by planets. He was burned at the stake by the in 1600, though his views on astronomy were not the main reason for his condemnation.
In the eighteenth century the same possibility was mentioned by in the ' that concludes his. Making a comparison to the Sun's planets, he wrote 'And if the fixed stars are the centers of similar systems, they will all be constructed according to a similar design and subject to the dominion of One.' Claims of exoplanet detections have been made since the nineteenth century. Some of the earliest involve the. In 1855 Capt. Jacob at the 's reported that orbital anomalies made it 'highly probable' that there was a 'planetary body' in this system.
In the 1890s, of the and the stated that the orbital anomalies proved the existence of a dark body in the 70 Ophiuchi system with a 36-year around one of the stars. However, published a paper proving that a three-body system with those orbital parameters would be highly unstable. During the 1950s and 1960s, of made another prominent series of detection claims, this time for planets orbiting.
Astronomers now generally regard all the early reports of detection as erroneous. Bailes and S.L. Shemar claimed to have discovered a in orbit around, using variations. The claim briefly received intense attention, but Lyne and his team soon retracted it. Artists's cartoon view gives an impression of how common planets are around the stars in the Milky Way.
The first published discovery to receive subsequent confirmation was made in 1988 by the Canadian astronomers Bruce Campbell, G. Walker, and Stephenson Yang. Although they were cautious about claiming a planetary detection, their radial-velocity observations suggested that a planet orbits the star.
Partly because the observations were at the very limits of instrumental capabilities at the time, astronomers remained skeptical for several years about this and other similar observations. It was thought some of the apparent planets might instead have been, objects intermediate in mass between planets and stars. In 1990 additional observations were published that supported the existence of the planet orbiting Gamma Cephei, but subsequent work in 1992 again raised serious doubts. Finally, in 2003, improved techniques allowed the planet's existence to be confirmed. On 21 April 1992, radio astronomers and announced the discovery of two planets orbiting the. This discovery was confirmed, and is generally considered to be the first definitive detection of exoplanets.
These pulsar planets are believed to have formed from the unusual remnants of the that produced the pulsar, in a second round of planet formation, or else to be the remaining rocky cores of that somehow survived the supernova and then decayed into their current orbits. On 6 October 1995, and of the announced the first definitive detection of an exoplanet orbiting a star, namely the nearby G-type star. This discovery, made at the, ushered in the modern era of exoplanetary discovery. Technological advances, most notably in high-resolution, led to the rapid detection of many new exoplanets: astronomers could detect exoplanets indirectly by measuring their influence on the motion of their parent stars. More extrasolar planets were later detected by observing the variation in a star's apparent luminosity as an orbiting planet passed in front of it.
Initially, most known exoplanets were massive planets that orbited very close to their parent stars. Astronomers were surprised by these ',' since theories of planetary formation had indicated that giant planets should only form at large distances from stars. But eventually more planets of other sorts were found, and it is now clear that are a minority of exoplanets. In 1999, became the first main-sequence star known to have multiple planets. Other multiple planetary systems were found subsequently. As of May 30, 2012, a total of 770 confirmed exoplanets are listed in the, including a few that were confirmations of controversial claims from the late 1980s.
That count includes 616 planets in and 102 planets within. A system has been discovered in which a planet orbits around two stars, which orbit around each other.
As of February 2012, NASA's had identified 2,321 unconfirmed associated with 1,790 host stars, based on the first sixteen months of data from the space-based telescope. An infrared image of the system. The central blob is noise left over after light from the star has been largely removed. The three known planets can be seen: HR 8799d (bottom), HR 8799c (upper right), and HR 8799b (upper left). For the above reasons, have no more than about thirty exoplanets as of November 2011. Several approaches have been studied for blocking the light from the parent star.
One technique, recently demonstrated by a team of researchers from the, uses a. The researchers are hopeful that many new planets may be imaged using this technique. Another promising approach is. All exoplanets that have been directly imaged are both large (more massive than ) and widely separated from their parent star. Most of them are also very hot, so that they emit intense; the images have then been made at infrared rather than visible wavelengths, to reduce the problem of glare from the parent star.
An exception is the exoplanet, observed at visible wavelengths by the. That planet was found to be surprisingly bright in visible light, possibly because it is surrounded by a large disk of reflective material that may be a satellite system in the process of formation.
Though direct imaging may become more important in the future, the vast majority of known extrasolar planets have only been detected through indirect methods. The following are the indirect methods that have proven useful:. As a planet orbits a star, the star also moves in its own small orbit around the system's center of mass. Variations in the star's radial velocity — that is, the speed with which it moves towards or away from Earth — can be detected from displacements in the star's due to the. Extremely small radial-velocity variations can be observed, of 1 m/s or even somewhat less. This has been by far the most productive method of discovering exoplanets.
It has the advantage of being applicable to stars with a wide range of characteristics. One of its disadvantages is that it cannot determine a planet's true mass, but can only set a lower limit on that mass. If a planet crosses (or ) in front of its parent star's disk, then the observed brightness of the star drops by a small amount. The amount by which the star dims depends on its size and on the size of the planet, among other factors. This has been the second most productive method of detection, though it suffers from a substantial rate of false positives and confirmation from another method is usually considered necessary. The transit method reveals the radius of a planet, and it has the benefit that it sometimes allows a planet's atmosphere to be investigated through. Animation showing difference between planet transit timing of 1-planet and 2-planet systems.
Credit: NASA/Kepler Mission. When multiple planets are present, each one slightly perturbs the others' orbits.
Small variations in the times of transit for one planet can thus indicate the presence of another planet, which itself may or may not transit. For example, variations in the transits of the planet suggest the existence of a second planet in the system, the non-transiting. If multiple transiting planets exist in one system, then this method can be used to confirm their existence. In another form of the method, timing the eclipses in an eclipsing can reveal an outer planet that orbits both stars; as of November 2011, five planets have been found in that way.
Microlensing occurs when the gravitational field of a star acts like a lens, magnifying the light of a distant background star. Planets orbiting the lensing star can cause detectable anomalies in the magnification as it varies over time.
This method has resulted in only 13 detections as of June 2011, but it has the advantage of being especially sensitive to planets at large separations from their parent stars. Astrometry consists of precisely measuring a star's position in the sky and observing the changes in that position over time. The motion of a star due to the gravitational influence of a planet may be observable. Because the motion is so small, however, this method has not yet been very productive. It has produced only a few disputed detections, though it has been successfully used to investigate the properties of planets found in other ways. A (the small, ultradense remnant of a star that has exploded as a ) emits radio waves extremely regularly as it rotates.
If planets orbit the pulsar, they will cause slight anomalies in the timing of its observed radio pulses. The first confirmed discovery of an extrasolar planet was made using this method. But as of 2011, it has not been very productive; five planets have been detected in this way, around three different pulsars. Disks of space dust surround many stars, believed to originate from collisions among asteroids and comets. The dust can be detected because it absorbs starlight and re-emits it as radiation.
Features in the disks may suggest the presence of planets, though this is not considered a definitive detection method. Most confirmed extrasolar planets have been found using ground-based telescopes. However, many of the methods can work more effectively with space-based telescopes that avoid atmospheric haze and turbulence. (launched December 2006) and (launched March 2009) are the two currently active space missions dedicated to searching for extrasolar planets. And have also found or confirmed a few planets. The, to be launched in March 2013, will use astrometry to determine the true masses of 1000 nearby exoplanets.
The official used by the only covers the and thus does not apply to exoplanets. As of April 2011, the only definitional statement issued by the IAU that pertains to exoplanets is a working definition issued in 2001 and modified in 2003. That definition contains the following criteria.
Most of the discovered extrasolar planets lie within 300 of the Solar System. Planet-search programs have discovered planets orbiting a substantial fraction of the stars they have looked.
However the overall proportion of stars with planets is uncertain because not all planets can yet be detected. The radial-velocity method and the transit method (which between them are responsible for the vast majority of detections) are most sensitive to large planets in small orbits. Thus many known exoplanets are 'hot Jupiters': planets of mass or larger in very small orbits with periods of only a few days. It is now estimated that 1% to 1.5% of sunlike stars possess such a planet, where 'sunlike star' refers to any main-sequence star of late-, or early- without a close stellar companion. It is further estimated that 3% to 4.5% of sunlike stars possess a giant planet with an orbital period of 100 days or less, where 'giant planet' means a planet of at least 30 Earth masses.
The proportion of stars with smaller or more distant planets is less certain. It is known that small planets (of roughly Earth-like mass or somewhat larger) are more common than giant planets. It also appears that there are more planets in large orbits than in small orbits. Based on this, it is estimated that perhaps 20% of sunlike stars have at least one giant planet while at least 40% may have planets of lower mass. A 2012 study of data collected between 2002 and 2007 concludes the proportion of stars with planets is much higher and estimates an average of 1.6 planets orbiting between 0.5–10 AU per star in the Milky Way Galaxy, the authors of this study conclude 'that stars are orbited by planets as a rule, rather than the exception.'
Whatever the proportion of stars with planets, the total number of exoplanets must be very large. Since our own has at least 200 billion stars, it must also contain tens or hundreds of billions of planets. The Morgan-Keenan spectral classification Most known exoplanets orbit stars roughly similar to the, that is, of F, G, or K.
One reason is that planet search programs have tended to concentrate on such stars. But in addition, statistical analysis indicates that lower-mass stars (, of M) are less likely to have planets massive enough to detect. Stars of A typically rotate very quickly, which makes it very difficult to measure the small Doppler shifts induced by orbiting planets since the spectral lines are very broad. However, this type of massive star eventually evolves into a cooler which rotates more slowly and thus can be measured using the radial velocity method. As of early 2011 about 30 Jupiter class planets have been found around K-giant stars including, and. Doppler surveys around a wide variety of stars indicate about 1 in 6 stars having twice the mass of the Sun are orbited by one or more Jupiter-sized planets, vs. 1 in 16 for Sun-like stars and only 1 in 50 for class M red dwarfs.
On the other hand, surveys indicate that long-period -mass planets are found around 1 in 3 M dwarfs. Observations using the indicate that extremely massive stars of O, which are much hotter than our Sun, produce a effect that inhibits planetary formation. Ordinary stars are composed mainly of the light elements and. They also contain a small proportion of heavier elements, and this fraction is referred to as a star's (even if the elements are not metals in the traditional sense, such as iron). Stars of higher metallicity are much more likely to have planets, and the planets they have tend to be more massive than those of lower-metallicity stars.
The number of planets predicted for a star is directly proportional to its metallicity. It has also been shown that stars with planets are more likely to be deficient in. For reference, Solar System planets are marked as gray circles. The horizontal axis plots the log of the semi-major axis, while the vertical axis plots the log of the mass. Many planetary systems are not as placid as the solar system, and have extreme orbital parameters and strongly interacting orbits, so that do not hold in such systems.
Most known extrasolar planet candidates have been discovered using indirect methods and therefore only some of their physical and orbital parameters can be determined. For example, out of the six independent that define an orbit, the radial-velocity method can determine four:, and time of periastron. Two parameters remain unknown: and.
Many exoplanets have orbits with very small semi-major axes, and are thus much closer to their parent star than any planet in our own solar system is to the Sun. This is mainly due to observational selection: the radial-velocity method is most sensitive to planets with small orbits. Astronomers were initially very surprised by these ', but it is now clear that most exoplanets have much larger orbits, some located in habitable zones with temperature potentially suitable for liquid water and life. It appears plausible that in most exoplanetary systems, there are one or two giant planets with orbits comparable in size to those of Jupiter and Saturn in our own solar system. Giant planets with substantially larger orbits are now known to be rare, at least around Sun-like stars. The of an orbit is a measure of how elliptical (elongated) it is.
Most exoplanets with orbital periods of 20 days or less have near-circular orbits, i.e. Very low eccentricity. That is believed to be due to tidal circularization: reduction of eccentricity over time due to gravitational interaction between two bodies. By contrast, most known exoplanets with longer orbital periods have quite eccentric orbits. (As of July 2010, 55% of such exoplanets have eccentricities greater than 0.2 while 17% have eccentricities greater than 0.5. ) This is not an observational selection effect, since a planet can be detected about equally well regardless of the eccentricity of its orbit.
The prevalence of elliptical orbits is a major puzzle, since current theories of planetary formation strongly suggest planets should form with circular (that is, non-eccentric) orbits. The prevalence of eccentric orbits may also indicate that our own solar system is unusual, since all of its planets except for have near-circular orbits. However, it is suggested that some of the high eccentricity values reported for exoplanets may be overestimates, since simulations show that many observations are also consistent with two planets on circular orbits. Reported observations of single planets in moderately eccentric orbits have about a 15% chance of being a pair of planets. This misinterpretation is especially likely if the two planets orbit with a 2:1 resonance.
One group of astronomers has concluded that '(1) around 35% of the published eccentric one-planet solutions are statistically indistinguishable from planetary systems in 2:1 orbital resonance, (2) another 40% cannot be statistically distinguished from a circular orbital solution' and '(3) planets with masses comparable to Earth could be hidden in known orbital solutions of eccentric super-Earths and Neptune mass planets.' A combination of astrometric and radial velocity measurements has shown that some planetary systems contain planets whose are significantly tilted relative to each other, unlike our own Solar System.
Research has now also shown that more than half of have orbital planes substantially misaligned with their parent star's rotation. A substantial fraction even have, meaning that they orbit in the opposite direction from the star's rotation. Andrew Cameron of the University of St Andrews stated, 'The new results really challenge the conventional wisdom that planets should always orbit in the same direction as their stars spin.' Rather than a planet's orbit having been disturbed, it may be that the star itself flipped early in their system's formation due to interactions between the star's magnetic field and the planet-forming disc. A system has been discovered in which two planets may share the same orbit (but later data revision indicates they might be in a 2:1 resonance, not in the same orbit).
Such co-orbital planets are thought to be the origin of the impact that produced the Earth-Moon system because models suggest the collision was low-speed. Another system has been discovered in which a planet orbits around two suns, which orbit around each other. The planet is comparable to Saturn in mass and size and is on a nearly circular 229-day orbit around its two stars. The stars have an eccentric 41-day orbit. When a planet is found by the radial-velocity method, its orbital inclination i is unknown and can range from 0 to 90 degrees. The method is unable to determine the ( M) of the planet, but rather gives a M sin i.
In a few cases an apparent exoplanet may be a more massive object such as a brown dwarf or red dwarf. However the probability of a small value of i (say less than 30 degrees, which would give a true mass at least double the observed lower limit) is relatively low (1-(√3)/2 ≈ 13%) and hence most planets will have true masses fairly close to the observed lower limit. Furthermore, if the planet's orbit is nearly perpendicular to the line of vision (i.e.
I close to 90°), the planet can also be detected through the transit method. The inclination will then be known, and the planet's true mass can be found. Also, astrometric observations and dynamical considerations in multiple-planet systems can sometimes provide an upper limit to the planet's true mass. As of September 2011, all but 50 of the many known exoplanets have more than ten times the mass of Earth. Many are considerably more massive than Jupiter, the most massive planet in the. However, these high masses are in large part due to an observational: all detection methods are more likely to discover massive planets. This bias makes statistical analysis difficult, but it appears that lower-mass planets are actually more common than higher-mass ones, at least within a broad mass range that includes all giant planets.
In addition, the discovery of several planets only a few times more massive than Earth, despite the great difficulty of detecting them, indicates that such planets are fairly common. The results from the first 43 days of the 'imply that small candidate planets with periods less than 30 days are much more common than large candidate planets with periods less than 30 days and that the ground-based discoveries are sampling the large-size tail of the size distribution'.
Comparison of sizes of planets with One can estimate the temperature of an exoplanet based on the intensity of the light it receives from its parent star. For example, the planet is estimated to have a surface temperature of roughly −220 °C (50 K).
However, such estimates may be substantially in error because they depend on the planet's usually unknown, and because factors such as the greenhouse effect may introduce unknown complications. A few planets have had their temperature measured by observing the variation in infrared radiation as the planet moves around in its orbit and is eclipsed by its parent star. For example, the planet has been found to have an average temperature of 1205±9 K (932±9 °C) on its dayside and 973±33 K (700±33 °C) on its nightside. If a planet is detectable by both the radial-velocity and the transit methods, then both its true mass and its radius can be found.
The planet's density can then be calculated. Planets with low density are inferred to be composed mainly of hydrogen and helium, while planets of intermediate density are inferred to have water as a major constituent. A planet of high density is believed to be rocky, like Earth and the other terrestrial planets of the Solar System. Spectroscopic measurements can be used to study a transiting planet's atmospheric composition. Water vapor, sodium vapor, methane, and carbon dioxide have been detected in the atmospheres of various exoplanets in this way.
The technique might conceivably discover atmospheric characteristics that suggest the presence of life on an exoplanet, but no such discovery has yet been made. Another line of information about exoplanetary atmospheres comes from observations of. Extrasolar planets have similar to the phases of the Moon.
By observing the exact variation of brightness with phase, astronomers can calculate particle sizes in the atmospheres of planets. Stellar light is polarized by atmospheric molecules; this could be detected with a. So far, one planet has been studied. Artist's impression of, a giant planet in its star's habitable zone. The moons shown are purely hypothetical, but if such moons do exist they may be able to support liquid water. Many unanswered questions remain about the properties of exoplanets. One puzzle is that many transiting exoplanets are much larger than expected given their mass, meaning that they have surprisingly low density.
Several theories have been proposed to explain this observation, but none have yet been widely accepted among astronomers. Another question is how likely exoplanets are to possess and possibly.
No such moons and magnetospheres have yet been detected, but they may be fairly common. Perhaps the most interesting question about exoplanets is whether they might support life. Several planets do have orbits in their parent star's, where it should be possible for liquid water to exist and for Earth-like conditions to prevail. Most of those planets are giant planets more similar to Jupiter than to Earth; if any of them have large moons, the moons might be a more plausible abode of life. Discovery of, thought to be a rocky planet orbiting in the middle of its star's habitable zone, was claimed in September 2010 and, if confirmed, it could be the most 'Earth-like' extrasolar planet discovered to date.
But the existence of Gliese 581 g has been questioned or even discarded by other teams of astronomers; it is listed as unconfirmed. Subsequently, though, the was confirmed to be in the habitable zone of its parent star, the first planet of its size confirmed to be in this zone. Various estimates have been made as to how many planets might support simple or even intelligent life. For example, Dr. Of the estimates there may be a 'hundred billion' terrestrial planets in our, many with simple. He further believes there could be thousands of civilizations in our galaxy. Recent work by Duncan Forgan of has also tried to estimate the number of intelligent civilizations in our galaxy.
The research suggested there could be thousands of them. Data from the (HEC) suggests that, of the 725 exoplanets which have been confirmed as of 14 January 2012, four potentially habitable planets have been found, and the same source predicts that there may be 27 around confirmed planets. The HEC also states, of the 1,235 planet candidates discovered by the Kepler probe up until 1 February 2011, that 23 planets and 4 predicted exomoons may be habitable. On 5 December 2011 the number of planetary candidates was updated to 2,326. This data shows that of all the exoplanets which have been discovered, 0.5% have the potential to be habitable, and when one counts possible habitable moons in this count, the total percentage grows to 4.1%. When one considers the planet candidate data in this same fashion, 1.8% of the planets and 2.3% of the planets and habitable moons in the system may be habitable. This is likely to be an overestimation, because of the over 100 satellites in the Solar System, only 's moon, and, to a lesser extent, a satellite of, are generally considered to be habitats for life, and even in this case, this life would likely resemble the relatively simple life found in Earth's, a far cry from intelligence.
Apart from the scenario of an advanced extraterrestrial civilization that is emitting immensely powerful signals intending to reach other intelligent life in the galaxy, the detection of life at interstellar distances is a tremendously challenging technical task that may not be feasible for many years, even if such life is commonplace.